Italeri

Italeri 6115 PAX ROMANA

PAX ROMANA - Image 1
Scale: 1:72
Manufacturer: Italeri
Product code: ita6115
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Last available: 25.12.2022
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Basic information

ManufacturerItaleri
Product codeita6115
Weight:0.94 kg
Ean:8001283061155
Scale1:72
Added to catalog on:25.5.2016
Tags:Celts-Ancient-Warriors

Gauls, in fact, are a branch of the Celts, inhabiting the areas of central and western Europe (especially today Belgium, France and Switzerland, but also northern Italy) in the period from about the 5th century BC. The Roman state entered into intense military interaction with the Gauls / Celts for the first time in the 4th century BC, when the Battle of the Allia River, north of Rome, took place, where Roman troops suffered a devastating defeat and the Eternal City itself was occupied by invaders . The Romans later fought with Gauls / Celts also in the 3rd century BC, when they conquered northern Italy and during the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). On the other hand, the conquest of Gaul was made by Julius Caesar in the years 58-51 BC. In progress, the so-called In the Gallic Wars, Caesar suffered one significant defeat at the hands of the Gauls - at Gergowia (52 BC), where he lost to the Gallic commander Vercingetorix. However, he avenged this defeat with a vengeance at Alesia in the same year. In the period of the 1st century BC. Gauls had very good quality weapons, especially swords. The basic armament of a foot fighter was a sword, spear and shield, less often a helmet or armor. Although the Gauls were characterized by not little courage and often physical prowess, as emphasized by Roman sources, they were significantly inferior to the Romans in terms of military organization and tactics.

The Roman cavalry (Latin Equites) played an auxiliary role in the Roman martial arts of the Republic and the early Empire. The Romans considered the main type of their armed forces primarily legionary infantry, assigning secondary tasks to their cavalry, such as reconnaissance, insurance of army marches or protection of infantry wings during battle. Thus, the role of Roman cavalry on the battlefield was completely different than in the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal or in the Macedonian army of the times of Philip II or Alexander the Great. It is worth adding that on average the Roman legion during the Punic Wars (264-146 BC) numbered approx. 4,500-5,000 soldiers, of which only 300 served in the cavalry! These 300 cavalrymen were divided into 10 turmas, each of 30 men, and each turma was divided into 3 decuriae of 10 soldiers. It is also worth adding that the Roman cavalry of the Republic period did not present great combat value, which was clearly demonstrated by, for example, the Battle of Cannae (216 BC), although this negative state of affairs improved over time.

Infantry in the Roman army has always played a great, even decisive role and in fact determined the outcome of the battles. During the early republic (6th-5th century BC), the Roman infantry probably used phalanx formation and was somewhat similar to units of this type in the Greek polis. However, in the course of the Samnite wars (4th-3rd centuries BC), it underwent profound changes, which probably led to the formation of three basic types of Roman infantry: triari (heavy armed, spear-fighting and most experienced infantry) hastati or principes (main mass of Roman infantry, armed with two pila, heavy shield and have) and velites (light infantry). At that time, the infantry used a manipulative formation. The Roman infantry shaped in this way also fought in the course of the Punic wars with Carthage (264-146 BC) or during the fights in the eastern part of Mare Nostrum. At the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, the Roman infantry underwent another reform thanks to the consul Mariusz. Its weapons and equipment were standardized, and shortly thereafter, the division into cohorts was introduced, and the Roman army itself - including, of course, the infantry - became professionalized. In the course of civil wars, the Roman army expanded quantitatively, but did not undergo fundamental organizational changes. It is worth adding, however, that probably at the end of the 1st century BC, lorica segmentata, the most famous and recognizable Roman armor, appeared in the equipment of legionnaires. In the period of the Principate (years from about 30 BC to about 235 AD) the regular army usually consisted of 28 to 32 legions, each of which numbered about 5,000 soldiers. During the crisis of the third century (235-284 AD) and in the Dominate era, the Roman army was expanded to probably approx. 400-500 thousand. people, and its armament has also changed. The production of helmets, shields and armor was simplified, and soldiers began to use new types of weapons, such as plumbata. It is conventionally assumed that the Roman army, until the Battle of Adrianople in AD 378, was able to relatively effectively face other opponents. Only after this battle does its dusk begin in the western part of the Roman Empire.

The Celts are a group of Indo-European peoples, the birthplace of which was probably the area of today's southern Germany and Bohemia, and central-western France. The greatest expansion of the Celts reached the so-called the La Tene period, the beginning of which dates back to around 450-400 BC and the end of which dates back to 150-100 BC. During this period, the Celts conquered all of today's France, the British Isles, a large part of Spain, but also reached the Balkans and even Asia Minor! It is worth adding that the Celts developed a high-standing culture, with an extensive religious system, with extensive defensive settlements (oppida), the area of which sometimes covered several hundred hectares, but also with highly developed iron processing. This, of course, influenced the Celtic military. Quantitatively, the armies deployed by the Celts were dominated by infantry, but a very important role on the battlefield was also played by cavalry, which in the 3rd century BC largely displaced the use of chariots in continental Europe. It is likely that the Celtic cavalry was served by a social elite that could afford to costly maintain a combat steed. At the time of entering into military contacts with Rome, i.e. in the 4th century BC, during the conquest of northern Italy in the 3rd century BC and - especially - during Caesar's battles in Gaul (58-52 BC), the Celtic cavalryman was armed with a round or a rectangular shield, he often wore a helmet of iron or bronze, and as weapons he used spears or a javelin and long, double-edged one-handed swords. It is worth adding that during the struggle with the Roman army in the 1st century BC, the Celtic cavalry most often used javelins.

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